Rekonstruksi Batas Pertanggungjawaban Pidana atas Propaganda Terorisme yang Dihasilkan Kecerdasan Buatan: Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia dan Uni Eropa
Keywords:
artificial intelligence, criminal liability, freedom of expression, terrorist propaganda, comparative lawAbstract
Generative artificial intelligence changes the production and circulation of terrorist propaganda while dispersing human involvement across content creation, editing, and dissemination. This article examines the boundary between artificial-intelligence-assisted terrorist propaganda, incitement to terrorist offences, and protected expression in Indonesia, and develops a proportionate attribution framework through comparison with European Union law. It employs normative juridical research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches and descriptive-prescriptive analysis. Article 13A of the Indonesian counter-terrorism legislation is assessed alongside general criminal-law principles, Directive (EU) 2017/541, and Regulation (EU) 2021/784. A 2026 CTED briefing on Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan is used only as a factual illustration, not as adjudicated proof. The study finds that Article 13A remains applicable because liability attaches to human conduct, but organisational nexus, intent, and individual contribution require separate proof. European Union law offers a clearer distinction between individual criminal liability and platform content-governance duties. The article proposes five stages: identifying content, classifying conduct, testing offence elements, examining context and rights, and selecting a proportionate response. Interpretive guidance and explicit safeguards for legitimate expression are prioritised over immediate expansion of criminal offences.
Downloads
References
[1] Abdullah, M. Z. (2021). Analisis yuridis terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 jo Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme dalam hubungan dengan hak azasi manusia. Legalitas: Jurnal Hukum, 13(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.33087/legalitas.v13i1.246
[2] Amnesty International Indonesia. (2022). Semua yang perlu kamu tahu tentang Permenkominfo 5/2020. https://www.amnesty.id/referensi-ham/artikel-ham/permenkominfo5-2020/08/2022/
[3] Baele, S. J., Brace, L., & Naserian, E. (2025). More is more: Scaling up online extremism and terrorism research with computer vision. Perspectives on Terrorism, 19(1), 34–63. https://doi.org/10.19165/2025.1559
[4] Mizwar, D., Devi, E. K., & Marfu'ah, S. (2025). Meningkatkan Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat Melalui Sosialisasi Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Samudra Muara Sabak. Gotong Royong, 2(3), 246-252.
[5] Directive (EU) 2017/541 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on combating terrorism and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and amending Council Decision 2005/671/JHA, OJ L 88, 31.3.2017. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2017/541/oj
[6] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2021). Directive (EU) 2017/541 on combating terrorism: Impact on fundamental rights and freedoms. Publications Office of the European Union. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2021/combating-terrorism-rights-impact
[7] Hermawan, A. (2026). AI-powered extremism: Examining the potential use of Gen AI tools for jihadist propaganda in Indonesia (Trends in Southeast Asia No. 8/2026). ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/TRS8_26.pdf
[8] Hukumonline. (2026, 9 Januari). UU Penyesuaian Pidana: Bagaimana memahaminya? (Bagian kedua). https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/uu-penyesuaian-pidana--bagaimana-memahaminya-bagian-kedua-lt69607e3e6aa09/
[9] International Commission of Jurists. (2020). Counter-terrorism and human rights in the courts: Guidance for judges, prosecutors and lawyers on application of EU Directive 2017/541 on combatting terrorism. ICJ. https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Guidance-counter-terrorism-ENG-2020-1.pdf
[10] McGuffie, K., & Newhouse, A. (2020). The radicalization risks of GPT-3 and advanced neural language models [Pracetak]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2009.06807
[11] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2018). One-pager on "incitement to hatred": The Rabat threshold test. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Rabat_threshold_test.pdf
[12] Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 5 Tahun 2020 tentang Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik Lingkup Privat sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 10 Tahun 2021. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/203049/permenkominfo-no-5-tahun-2020
[13] Regulation (EU) 2021/784 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online, OJ L 172, 17.5.2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32021R0784
[14] SAFEnet. (2021). Kertas posisi SAFEnet atas Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 5 Tahun 2020. https://safenet.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Kertas-Posisi-SAFENET-Permenkominfo-5-2020-20210423.pdf
[15] Shodiq, M. D. (2021). Doktrin radikalisme terorisme melalui media sosial di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Legalitas, 15(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.31479/jphl.v15i2.221
[16] Apriliani, D. M., Kadarsih, S., & Devi, E. K. (2025). Sosialisasi Hukum Syariah Bagi Pegawai Desa Pematang Rahim: Meningkatkan Pemahaman Dan Penerapan Dalam Pelayanan Publik. Gotong Royong, 2(3), 219-227.
[17] Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 1).
[18] Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
[19] Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2026 Nomor 1, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 7153). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/337869/uu-no-1-tahun-2026
[20] Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik).
[21] Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Menjadi Undang-Undang (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2003 Nomor 45).
[22] Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Menjadi Undang-Undang (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2018 Nomor 92, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6216). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/82689/uu-no-5-tahun-2018
[23] United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. (2026a). CTED Insight Briefing explores emerging terrorist use of generative technologies and digital ecosystems. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/news/cted-insight-briefing-explores-emerging-terrorist-use-generative-technologies-and-digital
[24] United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. (2026b). CTED trends report — Beyond messaging: Terrorist propaganda as operational infrastructure. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil.ctc/files/cted_trends_report_terrorist_propaganda_september_2026.pdf
[25] Weimann, G., Pack, A. T., Sulciner, R., Scheinin, J., Rapaport, G., & Diaz, D. (2024). Generating terror: The risks of generative AI exploitation. CTC Sentinel, 17(1), 17–24. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/generating-terror-the-risks-of-generative-ai-exploitation/
[26] Wiggin LLP. (2022). European regulation on tackling the dissemination of terrorist content online comes into force. https://wiggin.co.uk/insight/european-regulation-on-tackling-the-dissemination-of-terrorist-content-online-comes-into-force
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Shania de Zeta Sinaga, Slamet Tri Wahyudi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
