PM2.5 Exposure nd The Risk Of Respiratory Diseases In The Population: A Systematic Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63935/tgzf6089Keywords:
PM2.5, pencemaran udara, penyakit pernapasan, kesehatan masyarakat, systematic literature reviewAbstract
Background:Air pollution is an important environmental problem affecting public health, particularly through exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5). Its small particle size allows PM2.5 to penetrate deep into lung tissues and contribute to various respiratory disorders.Objective:This study aims to analyze the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and the risk of respiratory diseases and to identify factors influencing its health effects.Methods:A Systematic Literature Review(SLR) was conducted using 20 scientific articles published between 2017 and 2026. Articles were obtained from several scientific databases based on inclusion criteria covering studies of human exposure to PM2.5 and its effects on the respiratory system. The findings were analyzed using narrative synthesis according to exposure characteristics, respiratory disease outcomes, and associated risk factors.Results:The review showed that PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased risks of acute respiratory infections (ARI), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and decreased lung function. These effects were related to oxidative stress, inflammation, pulmonary epithelial cell damage, and impaired immune responses. Health risks were also influenced by PM2.5 concentration, exposure duration, pollution sources, environmental conditions, age, and individual health status. Children, older adults, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory diseases were identified as particularly vulnerable groups.Conclusion:PM2.5 exposure is associated with increased respiratory disease risk and impaired lung function, particularly through oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms. Preventive measures should therefore prioritize vulnerable populations
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